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• One of America's most violent prison gangs, Barrio Azteca is most active in Texas prisons as well as communities in southwestern Texas and southeastern New Mexico. In 2007 members of HPL were.
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A prison gang is an inmate organization that operates within a prison system, that has a corporate entity, exists into perpetuity, and whose membership is restrictive, mutually exclusive, and often requires a lifetime commitment.^[1] In 'The Social Order of the Underworld: How Prison Gangs Govern the American Penal System,' the author David Skarbekargues the emergence of prison gangs are due to the dramatic increase in the prison population and inmate's demand for safety. Skarbek observes that in a small, homogeneous environment, people can use social norms to interrupt what behavior is acceptable, but a large, heterogeneous setting undermines social norms and acceptable behavior is more difficult to determine. Prison gangs are geographically and racially divided, and about 70% of prison gang members are in California and Texas.^[2] Skarbek suggests prison gangs function similar to a community responsibility system. Interactions between strangers are facilitated because you do not have to know an individual's reputation, only a gang's reputation. Some prison gangs are transplanted from the street. In some circumstances, prison gangs 'outgrow' the internal world of life inside the penitentiary, and go on to engage in criminal activities on the outside.^[3] Gang umbrella organizations like the Folk Nation and People Nation have originated in prisons.^[4]

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Prison gangs[edit]

Hispanic[edit]

• La Eme or the Mexican Mafia: (Blue) 'Eme' is the Spanish name of the letter 'M' and it is the 13th letter in the alphabet. The Mexican mafia is composed mostly of Hispanics, although some Caucasian members exist. The Mexican Mafia and the Aryan Brotherhood are allies and work together to control prostitution, drug running, weapons and 'hits' or murders. Originally formed in the 1950s in California prisons by Hispanic prisoners from the southern part of that state, Eme has traditionally been composed of US-born or raised Hispanics and has retained ties to the Southern California-based 'Sureños'. During the 1970s and 1980s, Eme in California established the model of leveraging their power in prison to control and profit from criminal activity on the street.
• Nuestra Familia ('our family' in Spanish):(Red) The 'N' is the 14th letter in the alphabet which is used as their symbol along with the Roman numeral 'XIV' to represent their gang; another mostly Hispanic prison gang that is constantly at war with La Eme and was originally formed from Northern-California or rural-based Hispanic prisoners with ties to 'Norteños' of Northern California opposing the domination by La Eme, which was started by and associated with Los Angeles gang members. The gang was first established in Soledad prison in California in the 1960s.^[5]
• The Texas Syndicate: A mostly Texas-based prison gang that includes mostly Hispanic members and does (albeit rarely) allow non-Hispanic Caucasian members. The Texas Syndicate, more than La Eme or Nuestra Familia, has been associated or allied with Mexican immigrant prisoners, while Eme and Familia tend to be composed of and associate with US-born or raised Hispanics.
• Ñetas: a Hispanic (mainly Puerto Rican) gang, found on Puerto Rico and on the eastern coast of the US. Originally formed in 1970 in the Río Piedras State Penitentiary, Puerto Rico.^[6]
• Latin Kings, established in Chicago in 1954

African American[edit]

• Most African-American prison gangs retain their street gang names and associations. These commonly include Rollin' sets (named after streets, i.e. Rollin' 30s, Rollin' 40s etc.) that can identify with either Blood or Crip affiliations. The Black Guerrilla Family represents an exception, as an originally politically based group that has a significant presence in prisons and prison politics. It was founded in 1966 at San Quentin State Prison, California by former Black Panther member George L. Jackson.^[7]
• United Blood Nation: an African-American prison gang found on the east coast. They are rivals with the Ñetas and have ties with the Black Guerilla Family.
• Folk Nation: Found in Midwestern and Southern states, allied with Crips, bitter rivals with the People Nation.
• People Nation: Found in Midwestern and Southern states, allied with Bloods, bitter rivals with the Folk Nation.
• D.C. Blacks: Found in Washington D.C. by African-American inmates, are allied with the Black Guerilla Family and United Blood Nation, and enemies to the Aryan Brotherhood and Mexican Mafia.
• Conservative Vice Lords (CVL): A primarily African American gang that originated in the St. Charles Illinois Youth Center outside Chicago.^[8] In Chicago, CVL operated primarily in the Lawndale section and used drug sales profits to continue operation and used prisons to train and recruit new members.^[9]
• Kumi African Nation Generally referred to as 415 or Kumi 415 is a predominantly African-American prison gang that was originally formed in Folsom State Prison in the mid-1980s, and the founding members were mainly from the San Francisco Bay Area.

Caucasian[edit]

• Aryan Brotherhood: A white prison gang that originated in California's San Quentin Prison amongst White American prisoners in 1964. Their emblem, 'the brand', consists of a shamrock and the number 666. Other identifiers include the initials 'AB', Swastikas and the sigrune.^[10] Perhaps out of their ideology and the necessity of establishing a presence among the more numerous African American and Hispanic gang members, the AB has a particular reputation for ruthlessness and violence. Since the 1990s, in part because of this reputation, the AB has been targeted heavily by state and federal authorities. Many key AB members have been moved to 'supermax' control-unit prisons at both the federal and state level or are under federal indictment.
• Nazi Lowriders: A newer white prison gang that emerged after many Aryan Brotherhood members were sent to the Security Housing Unit at Pelican Bay or transferred to federal prisons. NLR is associated with members originally from the Antelope Valley and is known to accept some light-skinned or Caucasian-identified Hispanic members.
• NorCal Peckerwoods (a.k.a. 'NCP': A Northern California-based White prison gang that began in San Joaquin County Jail and French Camp Honor Farm in Stockton, California in the mid 1990s. Unlike other White prison gangs who typically align with La EME (The Mexican Mafia) and the Southern California-based Surenos Mexican gang, with the Black Guerilla Family ('BGF') and other Black prison gangs and The Nuestra Familia / Nortenos Mexican gang as their primary enemies - NCP is closely aligned with The Nuestra Familia and the Nortenos Mexican gang but do share a common enemy of the Black prison gangs. NCP closely aligned with the PEN1 (Public Enemy Number One: pronounced PEE-NYE) and also affiliates with the Aryan Brotherhood ('AB' a.k.a. 'The Brand') and the Nazi Lowriders ('NLR') as well but does not align with the Mexican Mafia and Surenos Mexican gangs the way the other White prison gangs do. This is primarily based on the fact that the NCP operates in Northern California only.
• Public Enemy No. 1: A white street and prison gang based in Southern California. They have replaced the NLR in holding the 'keys' for the Aryan Brotherhood on the mainline prison population.
• Dirty White Boys: A white prison gang made up of inmates from Texas, and have a heavy presence in the federal system.
• European Kindred: a white supremacist prison gang founded in Oregon that is affiliated with the Aryan Brotherhood and the Ku Klux Klan.
• Confederate Knights of America: a white supremacist prison gang in Texas that is affiliated with the KKK and AB.
• Aryan Circle: a white supremacist prison gang concerned about race before money.
• Dead Man Incorporated (DMI): a predominantly white prison gang founded in the Maryland Correctional System with branches in many other correctional facilities throughout the U.S.
• Aryan Brotherhood of Texas: Despite the similarity of the name, the Aryan Brotherhood of Texas (A.B.T.) does not have ties with the original Aryan Brotherhood. Founded in Texas in the 1980s the A.B.T. was created mainly as a criminal enterprise.^[11]
• Brotherhood of Aryan Alliance (a. k. a. the '211's') ^[12]
• Simon City Royals: A predominantly white street and prison gang, established in Chicago during the late 1950s.

Latent prison management function[edit]

Christian Parenti argues in his book Lockdown America that prison gangs serve a convenient function for the prison establishment and officers. They help regulate rogue and rebellious elements within the prison population without intervention from prison authorities.^[13]

Parenti sees the repression dished out by gangs on non-affiliated prisoners as a latent function of prison gangs. Thus, gangs are often more-or-less tolerated by prison administrators due to the side-benefits they afford.

US prison gangs in fiction[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^The Social Order of the Underworld: How Prison Gangs Govern the American Penal System (Oxford University Press), by David Skarbek. http://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-social-order-of-the-underworld-9780199328505?cc=gb&lang=en&
2. ^'David Skarbek on Prison Gangs and the Social Order of the Underworld | EconTalk | Library of Economics and Liberty'. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
3. ^'Governance and Prison Gangs, American Political Science Review, by David Skarbek, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8432145&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0003055411000335
4. ^Street Gangs — Chicago Based or Influenced, People Nation and Folk Nation, http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/chicago.html
5. ^http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/prison2.html#bgf
6. ^http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/prison.html
7. ^http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/prison2.html#bgf
8. ^Hagedorn 2008, p. 12
9. ^Hagedorn 2008, pp. 80–81
10. ^http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/prison.html
11. ^'The Aryan Brotherhood of Texas (A.B.T.)'. adl.org.
12. ^http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57575723/denver-area-man-linked-to-texas-car-chase-colo-slaying/
13. ^https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/1999/dec/15/lockdown-america-police-and-prisons-in-the-age-of-crisis-by-christian-parenti-review/

Thomas Silverstein is often described by the authorities as America's most dangerous prisoner.

In the six years after he was jailed for armed robbery in 1977 he killed two fellow inmates - and stabbed to death prison guard Merle Clutts. He was cleared of a third murder.

After the murder of Mr Clutts, in Marion penitentiary in Illinois, he was placed on 'no human contact' status.

Silverstein, now 49, spends his days in a specially-designed cell deep in the bowels of Leavenworth federal penitentiary in Kansas.

The lights are allegedly kept on 24 hours a day for security reasons.

Guards refuse to talk to 'Terrible Tom' out of respect for Mr Clutts.

At the time of Mr Clutts' death, Silverstein was one of the leaders of the Aryan Brotherhood (AB), the most powerful white gang in the US prison system.

At Marion he was held in his cell for 23 hours a day but he took his one opportunity to kill the guard.

As he returned, handcuffed, from the shower block Silverstein walked over to chat to an AB friend, Randy Gometz.

Gometz suddenly produced a stolen key and unlocked Silverstein's cuffs.

Silverstein leaned through the bars and pulled a shank (improvised knife) from Gometz's waistband before stabbing Mr Clutts 20 times.

After the murder he was moved to a special cell in Atlanta, Georgia, but was freed by a gang of Cubans during a riot in 1987. He was recaptured - traded in by the Cubans - and moved to Leavenworth.

But is the treatment meted out to Silverstein 'cruel and unusual punishment' as forbidden by the eighth amendment of the US constitution?

Author Pete Earley, who wrote a book about Leavenworth called The Hot House, was given special permission to visit Silverstein in 1987.

Silverstein, who was originally jailed for armed robbery, told him he had been brutalised by his years in prison and said: 'I didn't come in here a killer, but in here you learn hate.'

He told the author: 'The insanity in here is cultivated by the guards. They feed the beast that lingers within us all.'

Mr Earley has corresponded with Silverstein over the last 14 years and told BBC News Online: 'We've become friends. I'm not saying he's innocent, but he's smart, articulate and has some interesting views.'

He said it was difficult for the federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) to reduce security around Silverstein because it would be seen by prisoners as a 'climbdown'.

Incentive to behave

He said views of Silverstein have polarised: 'It has reached the point where the (white) inmates consider him a saint or a martyr, on a par with Nelson Mandela, while the guards consider him to be the devil incarnate.

'What the BOP should do is move him to a supermax, such as the one in Florence, Colorado, and give him an incentive to behave. They need to make him less famous.'

America's Deadliest Prison Gang 2007 Download For Mac Torrent

But Mr Earley believes it is unlikely Silverstein will be released into the wider prison population and says: 'I'm convinced he's going to die in that cell.'

They have become pen pals and she says: 'At the end of the day he is a human being. He is a victim of a system which brutalises people.'

Ted Sellers, a black former convict who met Silverstein during 25 years spent in jail, said he became a 'legend' at Leavenworth.

Sellers, speaking from his home near Detroit, told BBC News Online: 'He is not as bad as they portray.

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'Sure he is dangerous if they push him to the wall. But there were some dirty rotten guards at Marion.

'They would purposely screw you around. You are dealing with a person locked up 23 hours a day. Of course he's got a short fuse.'

He denied that Silverstein was held under 'no human contact' status and said he would see prison guards, medical staff and chaplains.

But Mr Chester said: 'If there is no previous established relationship between an individual and a potential visitor our policy precludes visiting.'

He denied the lights were kept on 24 hours a day and said: 'Lighting is always appropriate.'

Kara Gotsch, of the American Civil Liberties Union's National Prison Project, said she was not aware of Silverstein's case but was litigating on behalf of two other prisoners who were held in 'supermax' jails.

Ms Gotsch said they maintained that such a level of isolation was 'cruel and unusual punishment' which is forbidden by the US constitution.

She said Silverstein may be a multiple murderer but said: 'He is still entitled to protection by the constitution'.

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But she said being 'tough' on prisoners was currently very popular among US politicians.